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Abdominal angina is abdominal pain after eating caused by a reduction of blood flow to the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric arteries (SMA), inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), or the surrounding organs. Symptoms include abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and an aversion or fear of eating caused by the pain associated with eating.
Abdominal angina is caused by obstruction or stenosis of the inferior mesenteric artery, celiac trunk, or superior mesenteric artery. Gender, age, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia are risk factors for abdominal angina. The digestive tract relies on the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteries for blood flow. Abdominal pain occurs when these arteries fail to provide adequate blood flow.
Abdominal angina is diagnosed using imaging to identify stenosis. Differential diagnoses include GERD, Food intolerance, constipation, pancreatitis, abdominal abscess, appendicitis, irritable bowel syndrome, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, and gastrointestinal system inflammation. Chronic mesenteric ischemia requires surgical revascularization and treatment like Stent, transaortic endarterectomy, or bypassing the arteries.
Abdominal angina often has a one-year delay between symptoms and treatment, leading to complications like malnutrition or bowel infarction. Abdominal angina is more prevalent in females with a 3:1 ratio, and the average age of onset is 60 years. Abdominal angina was first described by Dr. Baccelli in 1918 as lower abdominal pain after eating.
Abdominal angina usually starts 30 minutes after eating and persists for one to three hours. Individuals typically express the pain as a dull ache by clenching their fists over the epigastrium (Levine sign).
Sometimes people may reduce their caloric intake in an attempt to decrease pain which can lead to weight loss. There may also be changes in bowel habits, most commonly diarrhea from malabsorption or rarely constipation.
In rare cases, compression of the celiac trunk by the diaphragm's arcuate ligament can result in isolated occlusive disease (also known as "median arcuate ligament syndrome"). Other less common causes of vascular obstruction include vasculitis, chronic mesenteric venous thrombosis, fibromuscular dysplasia, radiation enteritis, and, in rare cases, extrinsic obstruction or vessel encasement by a tumour.
The gastrointestinal system has significant collateral circulation, which may worsen in cases of vascular stenosis. Along with the protection provided by collateral blood flow, the colon possesses various other mechanisms to prevent ischemia, such as opening of all mesenteric capillaries, redistribution of intramural blood supply, and improved oxygen extraction. But if those are exceeded, these defensive mechanisms become overwhelmed and no longer provide protection.
Some people with a single-vessel lesion experience symptoms, while others with up to three lesions are asymptomatic; hence, the number of arteries required to cause symptoms of ischemia is debatable. The occurrence of angina is determined by factors besides the number of arteries affected, such as the location of the lesion, the time of advancement of the lesions, and concurrent disorders that impact angiogenesis.
The most effective treatment for chronic mesenteric ischemia is surgical revascularization and percutaneous treatment such as Stent. Surgical treatment may include transaortic endarterectomy of the effected arteries or creating a retrograde or anterograde bypass in the arteries.
Similarly to other vascular disorders, abdominal angina can be slowly progressive. There is often a one-year delay between the onset of symptoms and treatment. Complications of abdominal angina such as malnutrition or bowel infarction can cause increased morbidity and mortality in this population.
The term "abdominal angina" was first used by Dr. Baccelli in 1918. He used the term to describe a group of patients who had developed lower abdominal pain after eating. In 1936 Dunphy made the connection between abdominal angina and gastrointestinal necrosis. 21 years later Mikkelson introduced a surgery which could help restore blood flow to the gastrointestinal system. Although there was early interest in research, there has been very little subsequent research in the years following.
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